Ethics panel sets substantial bar for anthrax vaccine analysis in little ones

The Obama administration's bioethics commission on Tuesday laid out recommendations for testing anthrax vaccine in small children that make this kind of scientific studies incredibly complicated and possibly not possible.

Research on the controversial vaccine's results on little ones is usually performed only when the investigation poses at most a "minor raise in excess of minimum risk" to their well being. That might be the equivalent of getting to be sick sufficient to miss various days of college or receiving a chest X-ray.

"Higher danger is unacceptable while in the context of pre-event . . . analysis," the 13-member commission wrote inside a 146-page report.

The suggestions would seem to preclude fast scientific studies to check the security in the three-dose vaccine and also the immune system's response to it, which one more federal entire body, the Nationwide Biodefense Science Board, had advisable, pending a overview from the bioethics commission.

The panel, comprising typically doctors and ethicists, primarily based its advice on two arguments.

1 is youngsters in anthrax research had been not possible to advantage personally since the infection is much more of the theoretical than a true risk. Another is the fact that youngsters, as a consequence of their age, can not give informed consent to accept needless hazards, as grownups are often ready to do.

Having said that, after an anthrax assault happens, the ethical stability recommendations, the authorities argued. Youngsters may well then have a thing to achieve from participating from the exploration. Organizing for all those research really should commence now, the industry experts extra.

"This was among the list of most challenging bioethical critiques that any nationwide bioethics commission has ever carried out," mentioned Amy Gutmann, president with the University of Pennsylvania, who chaired the panel.

The a single licensed anthrax vaccine within the United states of america is accepted for men and women ages 18 to 65. It's employed principally through the military.

Shortly soon after the Sept. eleven, 2001, terrorist attacks, letters containing powdered spores with the bacterium that brings about anthrax had been sent to two senators and a number of information organizations. Almost two dozen men and women grew to become unwell, and 5 died. The assault spurred a $5.six billion system to devise and research "medical countermeasures" towards bioterrorism attacks. Anthrax vaccine is probably the countermeasures.

View differs on whether or not the "minimal risk" regular invoked through the bioethics commission will avoid pediatric anthrax vaccine investigation upfront of an assault.

"I feel it does," mentioned Michael T. Osterholm, a former Minnesota state epidemiologist who heads the Center for Infectious Ailment Analysis and Policy in Minneapolis. "I consider it eventually puts a hold on any type of a investigate protocol in these young children." He extra that he "can recognize completely" the argument that research that arise beforehand of any occasion should really not chance children's wellbeing.

"Some will say they place every one of these rules in and it can be never ever gonna transpire. But I think that these research gradually but definitely will get finished," stated Michael R. Anderson, chief health care officer of UH Rainbow Infants and Children's Hospital in Cleveland. From 2009 to 2011, he chaired the Nationwide Commission on Youngsters and Disasters.

In its report, the Presidential Commission to the Research of Bioethical Problems mentioned it may very well be attainable to perform anthrax security and immune--response scientific studies solely on 18-year-olds. When the vaccine proved to pose no a lot more than minimum threat in them, the research can be repeated in 17-year-olds, together with the method gradually stretching back to infancy.

"Anthrax vaccine in grownups normally isn't going to pose in excess of minimum possibility," Gutmann mentioned. "But that is also standard to extrapolate" to younger small children with out step-wise research, she explained.

John S. Parker, a retired Army significant basic who heads the Nationwide Biodefense Science Board, stated it will be doable to uncover mothers and fathers prepared to enroll their little ones in anthrax vaccine scientific studies.

"There are those who are first-responders who would greatly wish to have their households protected," he stated.

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Battle in excess of 'biosimilars'

Among the list of most promising frontiers in healthcare is biologic medicines - complicated substances derived from residing cells that could assist battle persistent conditions and cancers. To inspire investment in biologics, Congress in 2010 gave drug providers what quantities to a 12-year monopoly over the substances they formulated. Now, supporters of biologics are pushing lawmakers in Sacramento and various state capitals to place new hurdles during the method of knock-off compounds, known as "biosimilars."

The debate above biosimilars is grounded in doubts about their security; none have still been authorized for use during the Usa. Proponents of the bill by California Sen. Jerry Hill (D-San Mateo) to manage the dispensing of biosimilars contain critically sick sufferers who worry the new medicines will not match the biologics they depend on, along with medical doctors who prescribe and research biologics. Supporters also incorporate the biotechnology providers whose costly biologics account for about a quarter of U.S. pharmaceutical income - a share which is anticipated to achieve $100 billion in 2015.

Around the other side stand the generic drug providers that desire to make biosimilars. They see measures like Hill's like a thinly veiled try by primary biologic companies Amgen and Genentech to hold off competitors. They've won help from U.S. Meals and Drug Administration Commissioner Margaret Hamburg, who warned towards cutting down the public's self confidence in biosimilars. She a short while ago predicted that competitors from biosimilars would "spur innovation, strengthen customer selection and drive down health care expenses," just because the generic versions of brand-name tablets have completed.

Obviously, patient security needs to be policymakers' major priority. But state lawmakers should not substitute their very own judgment for your FDA's scientific evaluation. Plus they ought to stability the extremely actual desires of your sufferers taking biologics towards the public's curiosity in very affordable healthcare. Which is why they should really be wary of impeding the arrival of biosimilars the FDA deems interchangeable with their biologic counterparts.

Drug makers are extracting some naturally taking place biologics, this kind of as insulin and vaccines, from human and animal tissues for many years. Much more not too long ago, on the other hand, biotechnology corporations came up with techniques to genetically engineer cells to synthesize therapeutic compounds. For the reason that biologics' molecules are bigger and much more intricate than people on the common medication, there is a higher danger that a patient's immune technique will reply in an unhealthy way. Even compact alterations inside the manufacturing course of action can modify a biologic ample to provide a unique immune response.

Professionals say there exists no way at this time for generic drug makers to make an ideal copy of the biologic, though it could conceivably be achievable later on. That is why the field makes use of the phrase "biosimilar" rather of "generic biologic." However, European regulators have permitted biosimilars for being offered there considering the fact that 2006. And inside the 2010 healthcare law, Congress opened the door to biosimilars inside the U.S., offered they passed muster with all the FDA.

The FDA has however to difficulty last recommendations for would-be biosimilar makers, and no enterprise has utilized however for approval of this kind of a compound. However, Amgen and Genentech are lobbying throughout the nation for tougher dispensing restrictions on biosimilars than individuals on generic drugs. These contain specifications that a pharmacist acquire the permission in the prescribing doctor or even the patient ahead of substituting a biosimilar for any biologic.

Hill's proposal, SB 598, stops very well brief of that. Pharmacists will be cost-free to exchange a biologic using a biosimilar deemed "interchangeable" from the FDA presented they informed the patient and stored a record on the substitution for 3 many years, the identical as with generic medicines. The one particular more phase is they'd be expected to notify the prescribing doctor inside of 5 days of your switch.

To individuals and doctors concerned with regards to the variations concerning a biosimilar and its biologic counterpart, this type of notification is only prudent. Must a previously undetected and hazardous immune response emerge just after a patient commences taking a biosimilar, they say, it is vital the medical doctor know the medicine was distinctive from what was prescribed.

This argument assumes the FDA cannot or will not comply with federal law, which lets the "interchangeable" designation only for biosimilars that happen to be no much less risk-free and successful compared to the authentic biologic, and may be substituted without any detrimental impact. To surmount that very substantial bar, biosimilar suppliers can have to carry out clinical trials and provide proof that there is no variation in how sufferers react. The FDA presently needs to make related judgments once the makers of accredited biologics look for permission to alter the manufacturing procedure.

FTC review taking aim at on-line promoting of booze

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ideas this summer time to advise methods the alcoholic beverage market can improved shield underage viewers from seeing its ads on line.
Distillers, brewers and wineries pour countless bucks into brand promotion on Twitter, Facebook and also other social media, and sector critics contend they're not carrying out sufficient to avoid youthful people from obtaining these messages.

"We're performing a deep dive on how they are employing the online world and social media," explained Janet Evans, a attorney together with the FTC, that is conducting a year-long research on account of be released by early summer season. "We're concentrating on underage exposure."

She wouldn't elaborate on any probable suggestions that may come from the review, which started in April 2012.

The FTC is reviewing information from 14 major producers, Evans stated, which include Beam Inc, the maker of Jim Beam, Diageo Plc, dwelling to Johnnie Walker, and Constellation Brand names Inc, which can make Robert Mondavi and Ravenswood wines.

The FTC report "is a little something we consider critically and spot at large priority," stated Karena Breslin, director for digital promoting at Constellation.

The FTC has manufactured two requests for info due to the fact the research started, she mentioned.

The regulatory agency hasn't stated it intends to impose restrictions on liquor organization social media marketing nonetheless it could make suggestions to your marketplace.

The FTC is empowered to file suit to guarantee buyers are protected from deceptive marketing and advertising practices, Evans explained, but she stressed that scientific studies of this nature are meant to advertise much better self-regulation, not supply a basis for the situation.

Business executives say alcohol makers and distributors voluntarily adhere to your exact same industry-set regular for marketing and advertising to underage viewers on social media websites the business set for its advertisements on Television along with other media. That demands that at the very least 71.six % of an audience includes adults 21 and older.

"No one particular within their suitable thoughts would need to promote to folks who can not legally obtain their item," mentioned Frank Coleman, senior vice president for Distilled Spirits Council in the United states of america (DISCUS), the trade group that sets the industry's marketing codes.

Coleman also cited current information displaying the audiences for Facebook and Twitter are skewed heavily in the direction of viewers that are over the legal drinking age.

"According to Nielsen's most recent information, the demographic audience for Facebook is 83.five % 21 many years and older, and for Twitter it's 85 %," Coleman stated.

In June 2011, DISCUS revised its code upwards to 71.six % from 70 %, right after the FTC advised it critique the regular to far better reflect U.S. Census population information.

Marketplace critics, which include David Jernigen, director on the Center on Alcohol Promoting and Youth at Johns Hopkins University, and Sarah Mart, analysis director from the advocacy group Alcohol Justice, contend the market did not go far ample and should really increase the normal even more.

Jernigen explained it must be at the least 85 % to efficiently guard youth, so there will be no in excess of 15 % exposure on the underage drinking population.

"The market says its self-regulating but it is ineffective and social media opens up a complete new set of troubles for the reason that their advertisements are all over the place," stated Mart.

Coleman mentioned the group now involves members to set up age-checking equipment through immediate messaging as being a gateway to Twitter feeds and also other branded Net platforms that request the consumer to get a birth date just before admitting them.

During the initially 9 months of 2012, beer, wine and spirits producers spent an estimated $35 million for paid Internet show promoting, but field executives estimate numerous millions extra have been spent on internet site creation, video manufacturing for platforms like Google's YouTube and social media marketing and advertising efforts.

"We've substantially adjusted extra revenue to digital for on the web video, internet websites, Facebook and Twitter articles," stated Kevin George, worldwide chief promoting officer for Jim Beam, which spends 30 % of its media invest for on the net outlets, up from ten % in 2008, he mentioned.

Numerous corporations are expanding their digital employees. Wine maker Constellation employed Breslin 3 many years ago to initiate digital advertising and now features a crew of 5 reporting to her.
A lot of alcoholic beverage organizations flocked to Facebook since it necessitates end users to publish their birth dates when signing up.

Final year Twitter partnered with Buddy Media to present a screening instrument that sends a direct message to followers who click on an alcoholic brand. The message sends the fan a hyperlink to a internet site that asks for date of birth.

Salesforce.com purchased Buddy Media final June, that is now folding the platform into its advertising and marketing cloud portfolio.

Wellness advocates and marketplace critics are crying foul. "Facebook as well as other interactive platforms are poorly monitored rather than effectively age-protected," explained Jernigen of Johns Hopkins University. "Anyone can say they are 21 and click yes."

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Republicans Goes to be able to Lengthen Financial debt Threshold

House Republican leaders Friday proposed extending the federal debt restrict by 3 months, marking a substantial shift in GOP approach that might lower the market-rattling possibility on the U.S. operating from income to pay out its expenses.

The GOP proposal, that is anticipated to go prior to the home up coming week, contains a necessity the Property and Senate pass formal budgets by mid-April, however it isn't going to incorporate certain investing cuts. That marks a retreat from Republicans' long-standing insistence that any debt-level raise be accompanied by comparable investing cuts.

The move represents the clearest sign however Republicans are backing far from utilizing the debt ceiling because the battlefield for his or her subsequent price range battle with President Barack Obama. It truly is also proof of what leading GOP leaders are already hinting in latest weeks: the recurring cycle of fiscal crises is not assisting the get together politically, failing to present them substantive victories although sticking them with political blame.

It truly is not clear if this distinct measure will turn out to be law, and any related move would not place an finish to Washington's penchant for placing off difficult spending budget options. As a substitute, the concession signifies that GOP leaders would choose to wage a spending budget battle using the White Property on distinct and much less fraught grounds: the automated investing cuts that consider impact on March one plus a government-funding measure that expires weeks later on.

By like a necessity that each chambers pass formal budgets by April 15, GOP leaders can also be in search of to lay the groundwork for longer-term deficit-reduction negotiations. A large element on the aim is always to stress Democrats from the Senate to recognize deficit-reduction measures.

Republicans warned that a debt-ceiling standoff could even now stick to if investing cuts weren't recognized.

"Before you can find any long-term, debt-limit improve, a price range must be passed that cuts investing," explained Property Speaker John Boehner (R., Ohio).

The White Household and congressional Democrats had been in search of a longer-term extension of borrowing authority, and reacted with cautious optimism to Republicans' proposal.

"We are encouraged that you'll find indicators that congressional Republicans may perhaps back off their insistence on holding our economic climate hostage to extract drastic cuts in Medicare, schooling and applications middle-class households rely on,'' stated White Residence press secretary Jay Carney.

The shift comes like a rising quantity of Republicans have warned the celebration would spend a steep political cost if it is actually blamed for the delay inside the debt-limit maximize.

The Treasury has stated that without having action from the finish of February, the government could be at danger of missing payments for the military, senior citizens and bondholders, between other individuals, possibly sparking a economic crisis.

"We will increase the debt ceiling," Senate Republican Whip John Cornyn (R., Texas) informed the Houston Chronicle Thursday. "I will inform you unequivocally, we're not likely to default."

Markets could welcome the diminishing prospect of one more debt-ceiling cliff-hanger?astocks cratered soon after this kind of an episode from the summer time of 2011?abut nevertheless may not be pleased along with the short-term nature from the repair.

The Republicans' short-term debt-limit proposal was announced by Household Bulk Leader Eric Cantor (R., Va.). The move came immediately after a three-day retreat the place Household Republicans engaged in considerable debate not only regarding the coming fiscal battles, but in addition about how the celebration need to retool its method inside the wake in the 2012 elections, during which Republicans failed to oust Mr. Obama or win manage of your Senate.

Residence Price range Committee Chairman Paul Ryan (R., Wis.), the party's 2012 vice-presidential nominee, informed reporters Thursday the retreat was constructed in element to educate members regarding the complications of endeavoring to govern from a fairly tiny perch.

"While we aspire to present the nation a really distinct and clear vision about what we assume is definitely the suitable strategy to go about the big major troubles on the time, we now have to simultaneously realize the divided-government minute we now have as well as the fiscal deadlines which can be approaching what these involve," Mr. Ryan mentioned.

Though the proposal didn't include things like investing cuts, it integrated provisions GOP leaders hoped would prod Washington in that path. The bill would need the home and Senate to pass a spending budget blueprint to the upcoming fiscal year?aor else members of Congress would not be paid.

"Members of Congress won't be paid through the American people today for failing to try and do their occupation," explained Mr. Cantor. "No spending budget, no spend."

By like the necessity that a congressional price range be passed, Home Republicans are acting on their aggravation with all the Senate, which has not adopted a price range considering that 2009. Each chambers are supposed to pass a single by April 15 annually, then reconcile their distinctions and pass a compromise. The government has become ready to operate with no a formal spending budget for 4 many years only since that document represents non-binding advice. Real investing expenses are written later on.

Republicans complain that Senate Democrats, by not creating a price range, have dodged duty for producing the unpleasant selections which can be necessary to cut back the deficit, though Property Republicans have sophisticated their very own ideas.

Senate Spending budget Committee Chairwoman Patty Murray (D., Wash.) was noncommittal about irrespective of whether the Senate would pass a spending budget, citing the numerous fiscal deadlines looming.

"The price range procedure has moved far from typical purchase, as well as the path forward is totally dependent on what takes place inside the upcoming couple of months," explained Eli Zupnick, a Murray spokesman.

Some Democrats termed rather for any vote on the debt-limit improve without having any disorders. "This can be a gimmick unworthy of your difficulties we encounter and also the nationwide debate we really should be getting," mentioned Drew Hammill, spokesman for Household Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi (D., Calif.)

Underneath the home GOP bill, senators' salaries might be withheld right up until the Senate passed a spending budget, based on an aide.

Lou Fisher, a retired constitutional-law specialist, stated the spend provision could violate the constitutional prohibition on Congress "varying" its very own pay out, a measure intended to stop lawmakers voting themselves spend increases.

Household Republican leaders never feel it really is unconstitutional, a GOP aide stated, as the provision withholds but doesn't adjust lawmakers' salary.

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Amazon AutoRip services provides out cost-free digital copies of CDs

Online retailer Amazon has launched a services that outlets totally free digital versions of CDs purchased through its retailer.

AutoRip, and that is only offered within the US, will instantly preserve a digital copy of eligible CDs within a customer's cloud storage account.

Consumers will probably be capable to access the music by way of Amazon's Cloud Player about the world wide web or through tablet and smartphone apps.

Amazon has drawn up a catalogue of 50,000 CDs which have been eligible for AutoRip.

Music market

The catalogue continues to be compiled from people albums which have proved most common with Amazon buyers within the final 15 many years.

The checklist consists of "Dark Side on the Moon" by Pink Floyd, "Thriller" by Michael Jackson and "21" by Adele.

Any purchaser that has purchased a CD inside the catalogue from Amazon because the company began trading in 1998 might be eligible to acquire a absolutely free MP3 copy of it. Amazon explained it anticipated developing copies of countless CDs.

"When we picked individuals 50,000 titles we focused on getting a significant bulk of our physical CD product sales covered," mentioned Steve Boom, head of digital music at Amazon within a statement.

The services possibly helps make it a great deal simpler for folks to construct up a library of digital music. Well before now most CD owners needed to rip the songs themselves to make digital versions.

The Amazon Cloud Player is usually accessed a internet browser, and also on Android phones, iPhones, Kindle Fire tablets along with other products.

The move is broadly witnessed as an try to consider industry share from arch-rival Apple's iTunes music keep.

The Cupertino giant has comparable cloud storage companies for music and prospects the marketplace with over 50% in the market place share, though Amazon has under 15%. Google gives a comparable services.

11seo

Jaguars hearth Henry Mularkey

The far more Jacksonville Jaguars proprietor Shad Khan watched his crew perform, the additional he recognized something:

"We desired a rebuild in the ground up," Khan stated.

So the Jaguars fired coach Mike Mularkey on Thursday soon after just one particular season, the worst in franchise historical past. The move came ten days immediately after Khan fired standard manager Gene Smith.

Khan also introduced new GM David Caldwell on Thursday, and by parting means with Mularkey, gave him a clean slate heading into 2013.

"I've constantly been a a part of a winner," explained Caldwell, who signed a five-year deal. "I've by no means been a a part of a losing group."

Mularkey gets to be the eighth NFL coach fired because the frequent season ended. Two of these teams have because employed new coaches, with Andy Reid, who was fired through the Eagles, taking more than the Chiefs and Doug Marrone joining the Expenses.

Amongst candidates to the Jaguars coaching task are anticipated to get 49ers offensive coordinator Greg Roman, Rams offensive coordinator Brian Schottenheimer and Falcons special-teams coach Keith Armstrong, league sources informed ESPN.

Roman and Caldwell had been teammates and roommates during the 1990s when attending John Carroll University.

"I imagine Greg is really a heck of the coach," Caldwell stated.

The Jaguars currently have requested permission from your Rams to interview Schottenheimer, based on a league supply. Schottenheimer interviewed to the Jaguars' work final year.

Mularkey, who went 2-14 this season, became the eighth head coach fired because the finish in the normal season. He looked like he could be one particular and performed when Khan parted methods with Smith final week and gave Mularkey's assistants permission to look for other jobs. Though Khan eventually employed Mularkey, Smith directed the coaching search final January that started out and ended together with the former Atlanta Falcons offensive coordinator.

"I felt like we essential a fresh start off right here," Caldwell mentioned. "Coming in right here being a first-time common manager, I am searching for a co-builder of our group. When I talked to Shad with regards to a culture modify along the football side, I felt like it had been far more of that. I felt like it had been an environment of modify. I felt like that to perform that, you have to possess a fresh start off across the board."

Mularkey's short tenure -- he did not even final a year -- was filled with errors. His greatest one particular may well are actually his loyalty to Smith, who assembled a roster that lacked talent on each sides of your ball.

Mularkey likely caught with Smith's franchise quarterback, Blaine Gabbert, longer than he need to have. Plus the coach's insistence the group was closer than outsiders believed and his powerful stance that he had the roster to turn matters all around became comical since the losses mounted. The Jaguars lost eight video games by at the least 16 factors, a staggering quantity of lopsided losses within a parity-filled league.

Mularkey would have already been greater served had he mentioned publicly what he voiced privately: The Jaguars did not have adequate playmakers or maybe a starting-caliber quarterback.

Alternatively, he in no way conceded that Jacksonville was a rebuilding task that desired time.

Now it is actually -- and Khan created that clear Thursday.

"A year ago, when I came right here, the organizational judgment was we have been a fairly superior group, only a handful of gamers along with a draft far from genuinely competing to get a playoff spot," Khan mentioned. "As the year progressed, it had been rather apparent that was not the situation, and we would have to have a fresh commence in addition to a rebuild in the ground up."

Mularkey signed a three-year contract on Jan. 11, 2012, having a 2nd probability to get a head coach 6 many years immediately after resigning with all the Buffalo Expenses.

His return was shaky in the start out.

His ideal player, operating back Maurice Jones-Drew, skipped offseason routines at the same time as instruction camp along with the preseason within a contract dispute. His to start with draft choose, receiver Justin Blackmon, was arrested and charged with aggravated DUI in June. And his group was riddled with injuries, such as critical ones to linebacker Daryl Smith and Jones-Drew.

Even matters Mularkey had management above went awry.

He needed to backtrack soon after saying Chad Henne would compete with Gabbert for your starting up career in March. He developed a stir by threatening to fine gamers as much as $10,000 for discussing injuries. He at first played rookie receiver Kevin Elliott in excess of Cecil Shorts III early on. And he actually irked some gamers with difficult, padded practices late inside a lost season.

Throw within the way he handled injuries to receiver Laurent Robinson (4 concussions in advance of happening IR) and Jones-Drew (admittedly ought to have had foot surgical treatment sooner), and there have been causes to doubt irrespective of whether Mularkey was reduce out to become a head coach. Dating back to his last season in Buffalo, Mularkey has lost twenty of his final 23 video games.

Caldwell and Mularkey spent 4 many years with each other in Atlanta, having to learn one another effectively adequate that Caldwell did not have to have a sit down with Mularkey right after he got the GM career Tuesday.

"It was hard," Caldwell mentioned. "I possess a ton of respect for Mike. ... It truly is hardly ever simple and that is almost certainly the worst a part of the small business."

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Historical|Historic} Maya precisely predicted 1991 photo voltaic eclipse

The Maya, very best regarded lately for that doomsday they in no way foretold, may perhaps have accurately predicted astronomical phenomena centuries in advance, scientists have uncovered.

A brand new guide, "Astronomy inside the Maya Codices" (American Philosophical Society, 2011), which was awarded the Osterbrock Guide Prize for historical astronomy right here in the American Astronomical Society conference on Monday, facts a series of extraordinary observations produced by pre-16th century Maya astronomers.

Anthropologist husband-wife crew Harvey and Victoria Bricker have devoted their lives to knowing the pre-Columbian Maya and the way they understood the planet all around them. The Brickers performed the vast majority of their operate by translating complicated hieroglyphics to view what Maya scribes felt was most critical to record on parchment.

By decoding early Mayan hieroglyphics from 4 distinct codices housed in Madrid, Paris, Mexico and Dresden, the Brickers tracked how the evening sky would have looked to your Mayans after they have been alive.

"We're coping with true information," Harvey Bricker mentioned. "They're not only squiggles."

The Brickers translated the dates cited during the Maya calendar to correspond with our calendar and after that made use of modern day know-how of planetary orbits and cycles to line up the Maya's information with ours. It had been remarkably exact.

In actual fact, the Brickers discovered the astronomical calendar dated to your 11th or 12th century accurately predicted a solar eclipse to inside each day in 1991, centuries following the Maya civilization had ended. The 1991 eclipse occurred on July 11.The group also observed the Maya had a fair quantity of superstitions surrounding observable heavenly bodies from the evening sky. Within the friendly side, they'd the sun along with the moon ?a a god and goddess, respectively ?a whose cycles had been simple to map, predict and maintain track of. While in the not-so-friendly camp had been Venus and Mars. The motions of individuals two planets ordinarily signaled doom and destruction based on their location within the sky, the Brickers uncovered.

The manuscripts warned that if Venus shines on small children, old women and men or healthier youthful males at specific factors in its orbit, then harm would come to them.

Simply because the Maya desired for making confident these possibly risky moments did not interfere together with the lives of their people today, Harvey Bricker stated, they kept incredibly comprehensive records of wherever Venus together with other planets appeared within the evening sky on specified days.

Mars ?a an animalistic god ?a signified gloomy days to come for everyone. "There was believed to get a connection, and never a pleased a single, in between phenomena linked with Mars and agriculture," Harvey Bricker mentioned.

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